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Welcome to the world of Kotlin, a statically typed language that is supremely efficient and particularly popular in Android Studio.
The topic at hand for today is Kotlin Constants. Constants, also known as immutable or "unchangeable values", are a key part of any programming language. In Kotlin, the const keyword is used to declare constants.
This blog aims to clarify Kotlin constants and provide an exhaustive explanation about using const val effectively. We also aim to touch upon how to define constants using companion objects, the difference between a Kotlin constant class and constant variables, and the concept and usage of Kotlin static constants and Kotlin global constants.
The constants in Kotlin can contribute greatly to making your Kotlin code efficient and more predictable.
Let's start to master Kotlin constants!
Constants in Kotlin are similar to variables but with a twist - their values can't be changed once assigned (also referred to as compile time constants). You establish a constant in Kotlin using the const keyword before the val keyword, like const val name = "Kotlin". The value assigned is a String in this simple example.
It's important to note, const val can only be used with primitive types and String. You can't declare complex objects as constant as they are runtime constants.
Constants thus declared are static and are initialized during the compilation time, making your code faster by reducing runtime overhead.
1const val MAX_USERS = 1000 // declaring a Kotlin Constant
In the above Kotlin code, MAX_USERS is a constant that holds a constant value of 1000 and cannot be changed. Constant names are usually defined in capital letters.
A Kotlin constant is different from a constant variable. A variable's value can be modified while the constant, as the name suggests, remains constant throughout. Let's compare:
1val x = 5 2x += 1 // compile time error
The value of val x, a constant, can't be changed which results in a compile-time error upon reassignment. Such is not the case with variables.
These compile-time constants are especially beneficial when there's a need for constant values across multiple classes. Now that we have a grasp of Kotlin constants, let's delve into Class constants and how to define them.
In many programming languages like Java, we are used to defining constants with the static final keyword inside a class. However, Kotlin behaves differently. The ‘static’ keyword does not exist in Kotlin. But worry not! Kotlin offers us a way to define constants within a class using companion objects.
To define constants in a Kotlin class, we use a companion object along with const val. Here is a simple example of a class constant:
1class MyClass { 2 companion object { 3 const val MY_CONSTANT = "Constant" 4 } 5}
In the above Kotlin code, MyClass.MY_CONSTANT is the way to access the constant. The companion object is special; it's included in the class declaration and its members can be accessed directly via the class name.
A Class constant in Kotlin can be useful in different scenarios. If we need to use a constant value throughout the Kotlin class and ensure it remains the same, we define it as a Kotlin class constant.
Because our class constantly lives inside the class definition, it allows us to maintain a cleaner, more organized structure in our Kotlin file. This effective organization becomes predominant when the same file contains multiple classes.
Next, let’s move towards Kotlin static constants for a more detailed perspective.
In the Java world, the static keyword is often used to declare class level variables or methods. In Kotlin, static members are replaced with companion objects.
Companion objects can contain both methods and properties, just like normal classes or object declarations. This means we can place our constants inside companion objects, effectively making them 'static'.
1class MyClass { 2 companion object Factory { 3 const val MY_CONSTANT = "Constant" 4 } 5}
In the above code snippet, the Factory is the name of the companion object. Note that declaring a name for the companion object is optional.
The const val in Kotlin essentially tells the compiler to treat this value, declared in the Companion object, as a static final constant - equivalent to what we would have in a Java code.
A const val property is essentially a constant, meaning its value is determined at compile-time (not at runtime), contrasted with other values computed at runtime.
1class User { 2 companion object { 3 const val MIN_AGE = 18 4 } 5}
In the above example, MIN_AGE is a static constant. It is initialized at the compile-time and directly associated with the class, not the instances of it.
This way, Kotlin maintains the flexibility of object-oriented code while providing the efficiency of compile-time constants.
Sometimes, we need to have constants that are application-wide (also called global constants), declared outside any class or function in a Kotlin .kt file. These constants are similar to the static constants in other languages. They come in handy when the constant value is required across multiple classes in the Kotlin file. Unlike class constants, global constants in Kotlin can be defined at the top-level i.e., outside the class declaration.
Here's an example:
1const val PI = 3.14 2 3class Circle(val radius: Double) { 4 fun area() = PI * radius * radius 5}
In the above example, the global constant PI can be used throughout the entire file and across any number of classes.
A common misconception is that const val can be used with lists or other complex objects. Since lists are objects, they aren't allowed as compile-time constants. So, the Kotlin compiler throws a compile time error if we try:
1const val MY_CONST_LIST = listOf(1, 2, 3) // Compile Error
To use a list as an immutable variable, we can simply use val:
1val MY_LIST = listOf(1, 2, 3) // Correct
MY_LIST will be immutable, but it's not a constant because it can't be determined at compile time. It is computed when the program runs.
With a good grip on Kotlin class constants, static constants, and global constants, let’s discuss some practical use cases and best coding practices for Kotlin constants.
In real-world projects, Kotlin constants can serve many purposes. They are best used for defining values that are known at the time of code compilation and remain constant throughout the program’s lifecycle. They could be keys for Intent extras, database column names, or event types.
To uphold code consistency, always declare constants in capital letters. For instance, const val PI = 3.14.
Here are some best practices:
Keep constants private unless needed elsewhere to uphold the principle of Encapsulation.
Collect constants into classes and objects. For example, you may create a Constants class and define your constants there.
Make efficient use of companion object along with const val to declare constants related to a specific class.
1class Constants { 2 companion object { 3 const val PI = 3.14 4 const val E = 2.71 5 } 6}
In this example, Constants.PI and Constants.E will be our constants. By following these guidelines, you can see how employing Kotlin constants enhances the readability and organization of your Kotlin code.
Kotlin Constants serve as a powerful tool to optimize your code and increase its readability. From defining constants using const val, and understanding the crucial role of companion object, to insights about Kotlin static constants, Kotlin class constants, and global constants, we have covered the various facets of Kotlin constants.
Proper usage of Kotlin constants can ensure efficient, error-free, and clean Kotlin code. They can help you take a step further from being a good to a great Kotlin developer. Remember the golden rule, constants once declared, remain unchanged throughout the lifespan of the program.
